Monday, July 13, 2020

Can SSRIs Make You Fall Out of Love

Can SSRIs Make You Fall Out of Love Depression Treatment Medication Print Can SSRIs Make You Fall Out of Love? By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Updated on February 04, 2020 Jamie Grill/Getty Images More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide Have you ever felt like your antidepressant has killed more than just your ability to orgasm? Like its killed all your feelings of love for your partner as well? Helen Fisher, an anthropologist at Rutgers University, believes that SSRIs may block your ability to feel love. SSRIs work by raising your levels of serotonin, but they also lower levels of dopamine. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter responsible for all those feel-good emotions you get when you fall in love. When dopamine levels drop and those feelings disappear you may mistakenly believe that your love has also disappeared. This effect, sometimes called emotional blunting, can also include such symptoms as feeling less empathetic, less able to cry and less able to experience the same degree of positive emotion as one normally would. Emotional blunting also seems to be connected to sexual side effects, such as decreased libido and difficulty with orgasm.   One particular study found that about 80 percent of people who experienced antidepressant-related sexual problems also reported having emotional blunting. Unfortunately for people in romantic relationships, a loss of sexual desire coupled with a decreased ability to feel strong emotions can leave them feeling as if they are no longer in love. This effect is not permanent, however.     According to Ronald Pies, MD, there are certain steps which can help patients who are experiencing emotional blunting with their antidepressant.   He suggests that the answer lies in either lowering their dose, changing them to a different medication (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the most common cause of emotional blunting) or perhaps giving them an additional medication which can counteract this side effect. If you are considering stopping your medication because of this side effect, or any other, you should be aware that abruptly stopping your medication without first obtaining your doctors advice can be a bad idea.   Many people will find that their depression returns, or perhaps even gets worse, upon stopping their medication.   In addition, it may be necessary to either taper off your medication slowly or switch to a different medication in order to prevent discontinuation syndrome.   This syndrome is a cluster of unpleasant symptoms, including strange sensations, dizziness, aches and upset stomach, which many people experience as the antidepressant leaves their body.

Wednesday, May 20, 2020

Comparative Study On American And Chinese Math - 763 Words

Comparative Study on American and Chinese Math Teaching and Learning in Secondary Schools Research has shown that Chinese students generally score better on math tests than American students do at various grade levels especially in secondary schools. The National Science Foundation reports that in 2008, â€Å"43 percent of all Chinese bachelor’s degrees were awarded in the natural sciences and engineering. In the same year, the share in the United States was just 5 percent† (Yang, 2012). Students’ math knowledge before university has a great influence in students’ decision of choosing majors for future careers and their performance in the university pursuing math-intensive majors such as math, statistics, engineering, or physical sciences bachelor’s degrees. Even though some of the American students outperform in math and make great contributions to science and economy, the achievement gap that indicates problems in math curriculum should be deal with properly. Research shows that he math performance of the United States worsened over ti me period in recent years (Jacob, 2013). Comparative study on American and Chinese math teaching and learning in secondary school is conducted to find out what factors lead to the current situation that American students fall behind in math performance while Chinese students stand out. Despite of innate differences in American and Chinese students, researchers have found that teaching methods, learning environment, education policy, attitudesShow MoreRelatedNational College Entrance Examination ( Ncee )1359 Words   |  6 PagesChina, examinations sometimes even become the only measurement of one’s success. Facing the population explosion, society as many people recognize may judge people’s abilities more important than purely store of knowledge. But again considering both Chinese students currently do very well under such the education system and China has its own dilemmas including shocking population and long history, then whether such examination system in China i s beneficial or need to change urge people to reconsiderRead MoreCurriculum Provision Throughout China And America And Comparisons And Contrasts Between Them2168 Words   |  9 PagesChinese Name: Fan Siyuan English Name: Grace Student Number: 12090704 Instructor s name: Francesca de Lucia Course: Academic Writing Date: 6th Jan. 2015 Curriculum Provision in Senior High School in China and America and Comparisons and Contrasts between Them 1. Introduction A new round curriculum reform in China catches the eyes of various people, especially senior high school teachers, students and people like us, who will become high school teachers in several years. After the new curriculumRead MoreThe United States Education System2631 Words   |  11 Pagesout that â€Å"globalization is an increasing prominent feature of contemporary societies† ( Kagan and Stewart 185). G. Thomas Houlihan suggests that one of the problems inherent in the educational system in the United States is the need to balance the American need to control education at a local level versus the need to produce â€Å"a national workforce that is prepared for global competition† (Houlihan 217). He sees the second area of concern to be how to effect a change in direction in low-performing schoolsRead MoreParental Influence on Children’s Talent Development- a Case Study with Three Chinese American Families10068 Words   |  41 Pagesperspective of sev eral Chinese American families with gifted children. In-depth interviews were employed to collect data from the parents, and research questions focused on the daily practice of parenting and parents’ beliefs concerning how to nurture high achievement among children. Findings of this study include evidence of a sense of responsibility for parenting, a high level of confidence over their children’s future, and a mixed strategy of parenting that combines traditional Chinese parental expectationsRead MoreThe World Is Flat8659 Words   |  35 Pages15 - Conclusion: Imagination Overall Analysis †¢ Structure Analysis †¢ Key Facts †¢ Important Quotations / Memorable Quotes and Analysis Questions †¢ Memorable Quotes Quiz †¢ Vocabulary †¢ Study Questions/Multiple-Choice Quiz †¢ Answer Key †¢ Essay Topics - Book Report Ideas ONLINE STUDY GUIDE: THE WORLD IS FLAT BY THOMAS FRIEDMAN KEY FIGURES Nandan Nilekani CEO of Infosys Technologies Limited, â€Å"one of the jewels of the Indian information technology world.† Friedman describesRead MoreEducation in the New Powerhouse Economies: Catching Up or Leading the Way?5758 Words   |  24 PagesWhereas traditional narratives of Chinese students involved rote learning, memorising and cramming for examinations (OECD 2010b), in reality China appears to cast off this stereotype, with Shanghai a shining â€Å"example of innovation† (OECD 2010b:83) In stark contrast, India’s haphazard approach to higher education reform and their inability to use education to ameliorate social difference leave them lagging behind the west. A Brief History of Education in Chinese and Indian Societies Both China andRead MoreEducation And Happiness : The Korean Case1852 Words   |  8 Pagesnew things, their happiness can blossom.† In a very short time, the Republic of Korea has achieved an educational transformation that occurred in the past quarter-century and has graduated from military dictatorship to one of the best countries to study with top universities, such as Seoul National University, Yonsei University, Korean University and Sungkyunkwan University. South Korea today is one of the best destinations in Asia to receive a quality education. South Korea is a top-performing countryRead More Asian Americans in the Classroom Essay4678 Words   |  19 PagesAsian Americans in the Classroom Asians are one of fastest growing minority groups in America today. During this century, various factors at home and abroad have caused people from Asia to immigrate to the United States for better or for worse. Due to these factors, Americans and American teachers, in particular, need to educate themselves and become aware of the Asian American students’ needs in terms of success and happiness. Before beginning my research, I felt I had an easy subject: studyingRead MoreEssay on Microcultures in Canada7105 Words   |  29 PagesMicrocultures in Canada A Comparative Approach Introduction Every society contains both a mainstream culture and many different subcultures. The mainstream culture is how one is identified as. However, microcultures consist of how we identify ourselves within the global mainstream culture. There are multitudes of ways to participate in a microculture. It could be along ethnic, religious lines, or even lifestyle. All these factors come into play with regards to the different aspects of microculturesRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

chapter notes kite runner 1-9 - 1031 Words

Chapter Notes For Kite Runner Chapter 1 Dec 2001 Narrator is 12 years old sort of a flashback Set in 1975 â€Å" looking back now I realize I have been peeking into that deserted alley for the past twenty six years.† This quote tells us that he is now currently maybe 26 years of age Narrator is found talking about his past when Rahim Khan tells him â€Å"there is a way to be good again† pg 1 Current location is SanFrancisco Narrator remember someone named Hassan and this quote â€Å" for you a thousand times over† Chapter 2 set in Kabul Hassan his friend is described as very loyal and kind towards others Hassan has a harelip Location Wazir Akbar Khan district Ali is a servant Rahim Khan is business partner †¦show more content†¦Hassan and Amir hug in celebration, but Amir is told off by Baba. Hassan runs off to run the kite and Amir follows him shortly after being congratulated by everyone. Hassan is nowhere to be found and Amir is starting to get worried because of that. He asks a merchant in the Bazaar whether he had seen a Hazara boy running around. He is told by the Merchant that the boy is going south but also that the boys following him have probably caught him by now Amir finds Hassan in an alley way surrounded by Assef and his gang where they have pinned Hassan down and are asking him to give them the kite Hassan refuses and says that he has ran the kite fairly and it belongs to Amir Assef says that if he doesn’t give him the kite he will get hurt Amir is about to say something but does instead Amir has a flashback about his nurse who took care of Amir and Hassan and how the fed from the same breast and how when they went to a fortune teller Amir got his told but when Hassan wanted his to be told the man gave back his money and said sorry Assef and his friends brutally sexually harass Hassan and then leave. Later Hassan encounters Amir and is covered in blood. They both don’t say a word and decide that it is best that this event is kept a secret WhenShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages mymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

Personal Statement Expo Reading and Writing Free Essays

I’m not a leader In ASB for the awards or admiration, although I respect those few who do choose to lead for the credibility. I don’t lead for the satisfaction, although my never ending smile at the end of a good rally indicates otherwise. I don’t lead because I have anything to prove, although I’ve proven a lot to myself along the way. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Statement: Expo Reading and Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now I lead for the feeling of every student on my campus becoming one, so perfectly matched In school spirit and school pride. I lead to feel the rush of my heart every ime I see a sea of orange and hear the deafening cheer of the crowd. I lead because it Isn’t easy to get thousands In a school Involved I lead for the challenge to fill the stands at every rally fill and to fill every seat at any blood drive. I am a leader in ASB to get my message across so know I left a legend when I turn to leave for college. I not only lead for myself, but for my fellow students as well, my family and my equals. Prompt 2 I was working on a school project when I got a call from my dad saying he was coming right away to come pick me up, I remember the sheathing anger I felt arguing hat no he wasnt going to pick me up that I really needed to flnlsh this school project. I still shake my head in dismay knowing the fact I in fact didnt need to finish the project I Just wanted to hang out with my friends. I cant pretend that I didnt sulk my way to my dad’s waiting vehicle that I looked at him with a scowl across my face. Nor can I wipe away from my memory the words he said next mfour sister is in the hospital, she’s lost her baby and she’s asking for you. † This complete wash of emotion that came over me the shame the concern I was mortified with myself. How could I ave been so mad about my Importance when my sister had Just faced a devastating event? Looking up and saying â€Å"Take me to her. † The drive to the hospital was long I sat in a seat of despair. What would I say to my sister? How would I face her? ye never been one to be comfortable around sadness; my childhood had been stripped of innocence as I had faced several of my mother’s divorces and countless deaths. I had taught myself to be unemotional towards sickness and sorrow for they brought never ending hurt and unmasked truths to lies. Should I cry when I knew my eyes would be dry? Going into my sisters hospital room I looked from her so fragile and upset to my mother’s face streaked with tears. My meek voice barely audible above the beeping of many machines â€Å"Hey there. Was it wrong that I felt uncomfortable around all the sickness and gloom that came hand in hand with hospitals, like I could feel the reaper in every corner? All I could do was make Jokes when it wasnt time to laugn, my attempt to Drlng napplness wnere none could De Touna. loucn my sister’s hand while asking myself â€Å"Am I doing this right? † My dad wouldn’t stop looking at me after we left constantly asking are you alright? Calculating and recording every answer every movement I made. Truth is I don’t know if I was alright I didn’t know if I was allowed to be. My sister has never really been the same since that event, but then again no one else has been either. My mom cherishes us children a little bit more. My sister cherishes those who supported her and held her hand through the situation. And l, well I cherish my family every second of every day. â€Å"Life is fragile†, a saying used in many ways, but one doesn’t really know how fragile a life is until youVe been there to see its fragility. How to cite Personal Statement: Expo Reading and Writing, Papers

Thursday, April 23, 2020

Study Plan for Abroad free essay sample

As part of your application for the Faculty of Arts Exchange Programme or the HKU Worldwide Exchange Programme (HKUWW) Study Abroad scholarship, you have to provide a Statement of Purpose (Arts) or Study Plan (HKUWW). These are short essays which, on the Hong Kong side, are drawn on as supporting material in the selection process and, on the side of your potential host university, used to assess your motivation and study objectives, but also your command of English. The Statement of Purpose/ Study Plan is a specific genre and different from the academic essay you are familiar with. Hence it is important that you follow the below guidelines closely, to produce a piece of writing that will award you a study place and scholarship. 1) Faculty of Arts Statement of Purpose †¢ 800 to 1,000 words in length: this gives you enough room to expand on individual points, but without babbling . Needs to include the following points: a) your reasons for wanting to study at your preferred host institution; ) how this institution will help you achieve your study goals; c) how the knowledge and experience gained at your preferred host institution will impact and influence your plans for the future upon your return to HK; and d) a brief description of any extra-curricular activities of which you are/ have been in charge. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Plan for Abroad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2) HKU Worldwide Study Plan †¢ No restrictions on length. However, experience tells us that essays of around 1,000 words in length are among the best. †¢ Should include the following points: a)your reasons for wanting to go on exchange; )some thoughts on how you think you will contribute to both the exchange programme and to HKU upon your return; c) suggestions for courses you plan to take at your host institution; and d)any related aspects that you think will strengthen your application. †¢ Additional guidelines on how to write a Study Plan are provided on the Office of International Student Exchanges website: http://www3. hku. hk/oise. You see that the Arts and HKUWW programmes demand similar things in their respective short essays, but please pay attention to their slightly different emphases and foci. In other words, you might have to tweak the essay you wrote for the one programme if you intend to also apply for the other exchange programme. Here are some dos and donts which apply to BOTH the Statement of Purpose AND Study Plan essays: Do: .t Be enthusiastic but without using cliche (e. g. dont say English literature is my life: but be more specific) . .t Adopt a confident tone but without singing your own praises in a vulgar way (e. g. dont say The University of Kassel should be glad to have me as an exchange student: but reflect on some of your achievements) . Be realistic and plausible regarding your choices, achievements and plans (e. g. dont say Studying at the University of Kent will help me become a Legco member upon graduation: but be more specific and explain how and why, if you think it will) . .t Show your Statement of Purpose/ Study Plan to a friend, family member or any person you trust, and ask for their opinion and comments . .t Make sure that your essay is written in good, grammatical English. No typos, no grammatical mistakes or outrageous stylistic infelicities, please! Ask for a sample or model. The Arts Faculty has some successful Statements on file, as does the Office of International Student Exchange, which they are happy to share with you. Dont Exceed the suggested length of around 1,000 words, unless you have a very good reason to do so. Ask your HKU teachers or tutors to work on this statement for you. Most teachers will be happy to discuss your application and choice of host universities with you, but dont expect anybody to copyedit your Statement of Purpose for you. Treat this Statement of Purpose/ Study Plan lightly. It is the one extended piece of writing that the selection committees at HKU and at your host institution will receive from you, and it will, together with your GPA, decide whether you are chosen for the programme or not. In other words, DO NOT write it at the last minute, that is on the day of the deadline, but please invest some time and thought. And finally: †¢ Please do a bit of research and check whether individual host institutions provide further, and perhaps more specific, information on how to write a Statement of Purpose/ Study Plan. You will usually find this information on the host universitys website under web rubrics like International Students or Exchange Students . †¢ Please do a bit of research and check whether individual host institutions require additional documents from you, like a writing sample, to assess your academic writing skills. Here, it is usually a good idea to submit an essay/ a revised essay that got at least a B grade at HKU, rather than write something new which none of your teachers has assessed. Happy Writing and Good Luck!

Tuesday, March 17, 2020

Introduction To The Visual Arts Essays - Byzantine Art, Mosaic

Introduction To The Visual Arts Essays - Byzantine Art, Mosaic Introduction to the Visual Arts Throughout history art has played an intricate role in society's perception of life. Art is used as form of expressionism be it physical or emotional, religious or the mockery of religion. The birth of new artistic eras were due to the technological advancements of the world. Below are a few examples of works of art that from different era in our humanity. Francisco de Stefano's, named Pesellino during the renaissance, A Miracle of Saint Silvester is a scene representative of an episode of Saint Silvester's life who was pope during the reign of Constantine the Great. Originally this work forms the lower portion of an altarpiece. The scene may be recognized as showing the miracle by which the Pope Saint Silvester convinced Helen, the mother of the emperor Constantine, that her son's conversion to Christianity was justifiable. Saint Silvester is shown bringing back to life a bull that had been killed by a Jewish Doctor, who had argued for his faith. Witnessing this godly act all present at this scene were converted to Christianity. Helen is seen enthroned under the right hand loggia, the Emperor under the left hand, while the Jewish pagans witness the miracle. Pesellino uses rich colors that entice the spectators' attention, which was common during the Renaissance. The use of orange, blue, and gold allows the artist to draw the spectators attention to what he feels is imperative within the work. Pesellino composes with an extremely finished style which is apparent with the detail used in the facial features as well as the gold trim that is which is shown on all present within the work. This style of painting opened the door for many artists who followed. Andrea Del Sarto's Saint John the Baptist only one of few paintings in America composed by Del Sarto. He composed this work of the patron saint of Florence at the height of his artistic career. The harmonious balance composition, delicate modeling, and glowing tonalities are hallmarks of his artistic style. The graceful design and blending of rich colors reflect the idealized style of the High Renaissance. He also uses Christian and classical traditions such as the portrayal of a coarse hair shirt, pointing hand, and reed cross are representative of Jesus Christ. The use of light on the right arm and pointing hand draws the spectator to focus attention to the cross symbolizing Christ. The use of analogous colors, red and green gives the spectator a genuine portrayal of human skin and stimulates our eyes. The use of golden halo and ivy reef alludes to Bacchus, who was considered a pagan antetype of both Christ and the Baptist during the Renaissance. The late Roman Hunting Scene is mosaic that was escavated from Antioch in three pieces of pavement. The sheer size of this work is breath taking, 20 ft. 6.25 inches X 23 ft. 9.75 inches. The mosaic depicts the hunting of dangerous game, an aristocratic pastime which is represented throughout Roman work. At first glance from a distance one may mistake the pavement to be a carpet. At the center position is a hunter surrounded by animals in a pattern that doesn't clutter the mosaic. The animals are portrayed more naturalistic than the humans and were used to fill the voids in the mosaic. The tiles are arranged in an arching motion, which gives the illusion of movement to the spectator. Hunters on foot and horseback attack a variety of animals that are highly placed with in the animal kingdom. There is a sense of grotesqueness due to the portrayal of blood with in the mosaic. The hunters seem to consider their conquests as sporty due to their facial expressions. The hunters dress in a He llenistic style. Mosaics were produced by workshops consisting of mastercraftsmen and apprentices. Mosaicists painted or scored the basic designs ad figures into the wet surface. Tesserae were then laid onto a thin bed of sort mortar. Once the entire floor was finished, the surface was polished with an abrasive stone and fine sand. An excellent piece of architecture is the Chapter House from west central France. It served the purpose of prayer, study, and reflection. The gothic style of the arches, which support the

Sunday, March 1, 2020

Schmitz Surname Meaning and Family History

Schmitz Surname Meaning and Family History The surname Schmitz is an occupational surname for blacksmith or metalworker, from the German word schmied or the Danish smed. In some cases it was used as a patronymic form of Schmidt, meaning son of Schmidt. See also the surnames SCHMIDT and SMITH. SCHMITZ  is the 24th most common German surname. Surname Origin:  German, Danish Alternate Surname Spellings:   SCHMID, SCHMITT, SCHMIDT Famous People with the Surname SCHMITZ: James Henry Schmitz - American science fiction writerJupp Schmitz  - German musician and entertainerBruno Schmitz - German architectJohannes Andreas Schmitz - 17th century Dutch physicianE. Robert Schmitz - Franco-American pianist and composerLeonhard Schmitz - German-born classical scholar and educator Where is the SCHMITZSurname Most Common? The SCHMITZ surname today is most prevalent in Germany, according  to surname distribution from  Forebears, where it ranks as the 25th most common surname. It is more common  based on population percentage, however, in the small country of Luxembourg, where it is the 6th most common last name. According to  WorldNames PublicProfiler, Schmitz  is extremely common throughout the country of Luxembourg, especially in the Diekirch region.  It is also especially frequent in the Nordrhein-Westfalen and Rheinland-Pfalz regions of Germany. Surname maps from Verwandt.de also indicate Schmitz is most common in western Germany, in places such as Cologne, Rhein-Seig-Kreis, Rhein-Erft-Kreis, Rhein-Kreis Neuss, Euskirchen,  Dà ¼ren, Aachen, Viersen,  Mà ¶nchengladbach and  Dà ¼sseldorf. Genealogy Resources for the Surname SCHMITZ German Surnames - Meanings and OriginsUncover the meaning of your German last name with this guide to the origins of German surnames and the meanings of the top 50 most common  German surnames. Schmitz  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Schmitz  family crest or coat of arms for the Schmitz surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Smith DNA ProjectOver 2,400 individuals with the Smith surname- including variations such as Schmidt, Smythe, Smidt and Schmitz- have joined this DNA project to use DNA in combination with genealogy research to sort out over 220 distinct groups of Smith descendants. Schmitz  Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Schmitz  surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Schmitz query. FamilySearch - SCHMITZ  GenealogyExplore over 5.5 million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Schmitz  surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. SCHMITZ  Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Schmitz  surname. DistantCousin.com - SCHMITZ  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Schmitz. GeneaNet - Schmitz  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Schmitz  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Schmitz  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Schmitz  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.   - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins